FOOTNOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1
Businessman James Spratt introduced the first commercially-prepared pet food in England in approximately 1860 influenced by the dry biscuit sailors ate on long trips. He called them “Spratt’s Meat Fibrine Dog Cakes” and they contained a mix of blended wheat, vegetables, beetroot, and “the dried unsalted gelatinous parts of Prairie Beef” (Zeller, Jon, Lisa Dunn, and The Farmer's Dog. “History of Commercial Pet Food: A Great American Marketing Story.” The Farmer's Dog, January 13, 2023)
2
“The sentimentalized view of pets was developed in Western Europe in the 19th Century and, later, in North America (1984). Humans needed an outlet for their gestures of affection[as] this was becoming more difficult to find in modern society as it began to segment and isolate people into their private spheres”. (Andreozzi, Matteo. “Humans’ Best Friend? the Ethical Dilemma of Pets.” Relations, no. 2 (2013): 23–35.)
3
“Coming from the 15.000 years of the dog-invention process. Dogs would have never existed out of the manipulations that emerged from our ancestors, in which the actions of feeding, breeding, and spreading allowed a human-led wolf selective movement that resulted in what today are called “dogs”. (Saletan, William. “Our Creepiest Genetic Invention: The Dog.” Slate Magazine. Slate. Accessed August 14, 2022)
4
About the wild-domestic transition of the pet: “The pet represents the transition of animal contact from uncontrolled spaces known as the of wild and controlled spaces like circuses and zoos into disciplined spaces of home and hearth”. (Halberstam, Jack. Wild Things: The Disorder of Desire (Durham: Duke University Press, 2020)
5
Illnesses such as gastrointestinal obstruction, choking, cuts, wounds in the mouth or on the tonsils, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding from the rectum, and even death (with approximately fifteen reported cases of dogs dying after consuming bone treats) are reasons why bones should not be given to dogs. (Commissioner, Office of the. “No Bones (or Bone Treats) about It: Reasons Not to Give Your Dog Bones.” U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA. Accessed February 19, 2023)
6
“In this zombie economy, the pet survival depends on its ability to answer to our anthropomorphic call for companionability in the forms we mandate—a pet can nip and chew but not bite and scratch; it can whimper or purr but should not bark or whine; a pet must learn obedience and eat and shit when we say, and it must adapt to a carceral reality in exchange for not being eaten”. (Halberstam, Jack. Wild Things: The Disorder of Desire (Durham: Duke University Press, 2020)
7
Canids, including domesticated dogs and their wolf ancestors, possess an intrinsic inclination to express themselves through diverse forms of vocalization, such as barks, yelps, woofs/coughs, yips, screams, growls, coos, howls, mews, grunts, and clicks. Regrettably, humans regard barking as a prominent cause of noise pollution, leading to punitive actions against dogs. As a result, sometimes extreme measures such as "debarking," which involves surgically altering a dog's vocal cords to diminish barking, are put in practice to “combat” this issue.(Pongrácz, Péter, Csaba Molnár, and Ádám Miklósi. “Barking in Family Dogs: An Ethological Approach.” The Veterinary Journal 183, no. 2 (2010): 141–47)
8
James Serpell, on its studies on pet-keeping in Non-Western societies, claims that “in contexts where adequate time and resources are available, pet-keeping arise as an accessible, natural, easy and beneficial product of human social preopensities”. (Serpell, James A. “Pet-Keeping in Non-Western Societies: Some Popular Misconceptions.” Anthrozoös 1, no. 3 (1987): 166–74)
9
Agility dogs are the so-called dogs that compete in agility dog sports. Regardless of their age, size, gender or breed, their main chorus is to be handled through an obstacle course. The roots of this sport go back to 1970 in England, when it was created as a demonstration sport. (OneMind Dogs. “What Is Dog Agility?” OneMind Dogs. Accessed February 19, 2023)
10
By definition, petfluencers are technically humans who post pet-related content on social media platforms, and petfluencers create engaging, educational, and inspirational content that is designed to suit a specific audience. (Green, Adam. “Rise of the Petfluencers: How Instagram-Famous Pets Became Big Business.” Sifted, Accessed September 30, 2022)
11
Jack Halberstam, in relation to the place that companion animal occupies along the side of humans, shares that “its liveliness depends on the ability to pleasure us or to answer to our anthropomorphic call for companionability, in any shape and context we mandate”. (Halberstam, Jack. Wild Things: The Disorder of Desire (Durham: Duke University Press, 2020)
12
The Rover blog on companion animals recognizes Bella in the second position of most popular female dog name in a worldwide envision. (Rover, “Top 100 Most Popular Dog Names in 2022.” The Dog People by Rover.com, Accessed November 17, 2022)
13
In Yi-Fu Tuan’s words “The single most important trick taught to a dog is instant obedience to the order "sit" or "lie down, working as a bridge for more complicated commands to happen” (Tuan, Yi-Fu. Dominance & Affection: The Making of Pets (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016)
14
Dog paws are filled with nerve endings, allowing them essential actions such as digging, scratching, walking, and grasping. Since these tasks require a dog to use its paws, that sensitivity triggers the dog's instinct to protect itself and not wanting to have them toucher or manipulated (F. Turner Josie, “Sensitive Dog Paws - Causes and Treatment.” n.d. Animalwised.com. Accessed February 7, 2023)
15
In HAI research (field of human–animal interaction) dogs are too often operationalized, it is a quiet partner, useful only for the effect their presence has on the person, and rarely considered in and of themselves. (Horowitz, Alexandra. “Considering the ‘Dog’ in Dog–Human Interaction.” Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 (2021)
16
Studies on animal digital exposure have concluded that about 65% of pet owners post about their companion animals on social media an average of two times per week. Considering 65% of the 471M worldwide (only) companion dogs, 306M dogs are exposed twice a week to digital channels. (Nashville, Tenn “New Survey Shows Pets Are Social Media’s Top Dogs (and Cats).” n.d. Better Cities for Pets. Accessed February 2, 2023)
17
Porter, Ginny, and Monte are all rescue dogs in the care of the Auckland Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. To prove that rescue dogs are just as smart and obedient as nurtured dogs, a trainer found a way to teach these mutts how to operate a specially outfitted Mini Countryman. (TheDrivingDogs. “Meet Porter. the World's First Driving Dog.” YouTube. YouTube, Accessed November 22, 2023)
18
Oscar is a black labrador performing as “the Hypnodog”. He was trained by professional hypnotist Hugh Lennon in 1995 to pursue stage hypnosis over humans. (Wikipedia, “Hypnodog.” Wikimedia Foundation, Accessed September 29, 2022)
19
Such as the programme “Training Dogs the Woodhouse Way” created by Barbara Woodhouse in 1980 and aired on television by the BBC in 1980. It was taped in 10 episodes at Woodhouse's home in Hertfordshire, England. In the show she often used two commands: "walkies" and "sit". (De Kam, Margot. Barbara Woodhouse met Fifi, 1980" YouTube, 2019. Accessed December 25, 2022)
20
David Letterman’s ‘Stupid Pet Tricks was an iconic segment that Letterman did for three decades on NBC’s Late Night and CBS’ Late Show in which a parade of pets performed the most ridiculous, impressive, and extraordinary tricks on a studio stage before a live audience. (Letterman, TheLateShow. “Top Ten Stupid Pet Tricks | Letterman.” YouTube. YouTube, Accessed December 26, 2022)
21
Doggolingo, is an Internet language created from word conversion, meme lexicon, and onomatopoeia. Emerging in the 2010s. DoggoLingo is implied to be a dog's idiom. This language is directly associated with the figure of Doge a meme consisting of a picture of Kabosu, a Shiba Inu dog accompanied by multicolored text in Comic Sans whose texts represents a kind of internal monologue deliberately written in the main element of Doggolingo, a broken English. (Chidester, Tegan. “Doggolingo: A Guide to the Internet's Favorite Language.” Furtropolis, Accessed September 1, 2022) (NovaXP. “Doge.” Know Your Meme. Know Your Meme, Accessed January 8, 2023)
22
Animal-oriented businesses offer “dog starter kits” for amateur dog human-caring masses. On Amazon, these kits include what are understood as essential objects for dog caring: leashes, collars, beds, or treats. Those kits could be found for no more than 50$. (John, Sara. “The Puppy Pack.” Amazon. BowTie Press, 2009)
23
“To some people, a dog's submission to command is desirable in itself. Power over another being is demonstrably firm and perversely delicious when it is exercised for no particular purpose and when submission to it goes against the victim's strong desires and nature”. (Tuan,Yi-Fu. Dominance & Affection: The Making of Pets (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016)
24
On how the refusing actions mentioned by Irvine and Cilia can terminate the dog-human relationship: “Some pets gain the status of family members only as long as they comply with the code of conduct established for them. Issues of cleanliness, training, shedding, scratching, house soiling, aggression, chewing, barking, and other animal behaviors can strain and terminate the inclusion of pets in families” (Irvine, Leslie, and Laurent Cilia. “More than Human Families: Pets, People, and Practices in Multispecies Households.” Sociology Compass 11, no. 2 (2017)
25
Other interpretations of the phrase “If I have a dog, my dog has a human” are questioned by Donna Haraway in the context of possession-property-and the right of access towards companion animals (Haraway, Donna Jeanne. 2003. The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press)
26
Jessica Pierce elaborated on settings in which the limited choosing options of the dog arise: “Our pet dogs generally do not get to pick their friends or their family and do not get to decide when or how to interact with others; they don’t have the opportunity to choose a mate and raise a family unless we label them ‘breeding stock, in which case they have no choice; they don’t get to move about freely, work to find their food and shelter, or respond to varied stimuli from the environment” (Pierce, Jessica., Dog's World: Imagining the Lives of Dogs in a World without Humans (S.l: PRINCETON UNIV PRESS, 2023).)
27
Jack Halberstam in his article Confession of a Petophobe highlights the core of the exchange of sources on dog-human relationships as the roots of a more realistic human-dog love language, at least from the dog's side: “While the pet sees the human as a source of food or exercise or maybe comfort, a cross between a nanny and a jailor, the human sees the pet as uniquely hers, as a romantic partner, a trusted companion, an uncomplaining spouse” (Halberstam, Jack. July 2009. Life Off the Leash, or Confessions of a Petophobe)
28
In its book Dominance and Affection: The making of pets, Tuan argues that despite the apparent presence of affection in human relationships with pets, there is also a considerable degree of indifference to their suffering and exploitation of their powerless position, as part of creating non-inclusive love languages over the position humans are forcing dogs to be (Tuan, Yi-Fu. Dominance & Affection: The Making of Pets (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016)
29
“A love object-oriented creature” is a term introduced by Heidi J.Nast in her research when articulating towards the reconsideration of the dog in post-industrial contexts across the world since the 1990s “from considering pets (especially dogs) as a species apart to a reconsideration of pets” (especially dogs) as profoundly appropriate objects of human affection and love” (Nast J, Heidi. “Critical Pet Studies?,” Antipode 38, no. 5 (2006): pp. 894-906)
30
The speech “dogs are the new children” has been introduced by different authors over companion animal studies. While it is normally brought as an object of parallel substitution, Heidi J.Nast in her Critical Pet Studies goes a step forward, not only articulating how dogs have become substitutes but how they have even superseded children. Especially by the facility of disposal actions existing when the caring of dogs is not fruitful, pushing the dog to be canceled and abandoned from the human-dog relationship, something almost unthinkable in human-children relationships. (J Nast, Heidi “Critical Pet Studies?,” Antipode 38, no. 5 (2006): pp. 894-906)
31
When Wilhelmina Morgan Callaghan married her dog, Henry, in 2009, she did it under the expression “dogs are better than men” (London, Bianca. “Wilhelmina Morgan Callaghan Marries Her Dog.” Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, Accessed October 10, 2022)
32
Uncooperative situations translate into non-expected actions far away from the dog correctness desired. Over her career as a researcher on dog cognition, Alexandra Horowitz details these actions: “If we assume that we have reduced the animal factor to zero, we are in for some unhappy surprises. Dogs do not always behave just as we think they should. They may sit, lie down, and roll over—but then will revert magnificently. They suddenly squat and urinate in the house, bite your hand, sniff your crotch, jump on a stranger, eat something gnarly in the grass, don’t come when you call them, and roughly tackle a much smaller dog. In this way, our frustrations with dogs often arise from our extreme anthropomorphizing, which neglects the very animalness of dogs.”. (Horowitz, Alexandra. Vidal, Sean. Edgerton, Inside of a Dog: What Dogs See, Smell, and Know (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 2017)
33
Although the process of domestication extends as far back as 15,000 years, this discussion is centered on the most recent 150 years of dog domestication when humans became exceedingly fixated on the aesthetic and emotional characteristics that a dog ought to possess
34
Despite the existence of fines for abandoning dogs, legislation against euthanasia, and protocols for microchipping identification, the practical application of these regulations differs from their purpose. For example, in the Spain it is common for hunters to remove the microchip from their greyhounds and leave them injured and tied up outside of animal shelters during the night after the hunting season in February. A practice that has earned the month with the nickname "Febrero, el mes del terror de los galgos" (February, the month of terror for greyhounds). (Crespo Garay, Cristina “'Febrero, El Miedo De Los Galgos'.” National Geographic, February 1, 2019)
35
The expression “looks like a Pitbull” talks about a label which has become an umbrella term used to loosely describe many different medium-sized, short-haired breeds and mixes with physical traits commonly found in numerous bully-type (or bulldog-type) breeds.” (PitbullHero™. “‘Pit Bull’ Is Not a Breed.” Pitbullinfo.org. Accessed February 22, 2023)
36
The “computer eye expression” is used to explain how in AI’s generative processes, not only the explicit text interferes as the unique input creator of the image. Also, as part of its training process, it considers extra-similarities commonly shared in the selected data pictures for the creation of the final piece (OpenAI. “Dall·E: Creating Images from Text.” OpenAI. Accessed December 20, 2022)
37
This phenomenon was triggered by the 70’s article posted in The New York Times “A Breed That Came Up The Hard Way” by the President of the Staffordshire Bull Terrier Club of America, who said “The Stafford we know today quickly becomes a member of the family circle” (Rant, Lilian “A Breed That Came up the Hard Way.” The New York Times. September 19, 1971. Accessed January 2, 2023)
38
Observed by shelters and rescue groups across the world, BDS (Black Dog Syndrom) is an issue negatively affecting the adoption rates of black pets and the reason behind the phenomenon is unclear. (Nakano, Craig. “Black Dog Bias?” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, Accessed December 12, 2022)
39
However, no direct relation or citation has been proved along the side of these pictures. (Rant, Lilian “A Breed That Came up the Hard Way.” The New York Times. The New York Times, September 19, 1971. Accessed January 2, 2023)
40
Legends about black dogs are present across the legend repertory of almost any region. While their representation is quite similar, presented as evils, usually, with red-colored eyes, their stories are different. From the legend of “El Perro del Escorial” in one of the most well-known Spanish monasteries, to the Moddey-Dhoo, a protagonist in Manx folklore stories. (Telemadrid. “La Leyenda Del Perro Negro De El Escorial.” Telemadrid. Telemadrid, Accessed October 4, 2022) (Marinasohma. “Not Always a Man's Best Friend: Terrifying Black Dogs of British Legends.” Ancient Origins Reconstructing the story of humanity's past. Ancient Origins, Searched January 2, 2023)
41
This legend of Central America and Mexico would have started based on Maya-Quiché mythology, since this figure seems to be related to the nahuales. When people talk about the Cadejo, they generally think of a large, spectral, black dog with bright red eyes and heavy chains. But it also refers to a duality of this creature, since it includes a version of the white animal opposite to the aforementioned beast, a white, good one that protects children and women. (González, Mauricio. “Leyenda Del Cadejo: ¿Cuándo Se Creó? ¿Qué Significado Tiene?” guanacos. Accessed December 12, 2022
42
#BanPitBulls flyers, with the heading "In 2017, pit bulls killed 38 humans, 13,000 dogs, 5,000 cats, 20,000 farm animals," and "Pit bulls were originally bred to kill bulls and bears." were posted widely in 2018 in Los Angeles and other cities, in Florida. Its creator known only as @WildGoose999 captured nationwide attention with tweets that are followed closely by both sides of the Pit Bull debate. (Daugherty, Phyllis M. n.d. “‘Ban Pit Bulls’ Flyers Alarm LA Pro-Pit Bull Activists.” CityWatch Los Angeles. Accessed January 9, 2023)
43
Status dog is a term used to describe a potentially dangerous or aggressive dog that is kept as a symbol of the owner's hard or tough image, to intimidate others, and possibly as a weapon. This idea has persisted through centuries, tracing back to Roman times. (Wikipedia. “Status Dog.” Wikimedia Foundation, February 8, 2023)
44
Justice for Bullies, We do NOT support the nanny Pitbull myth, Facebook Post. Accessed January 3, 2023
45
Such as the Pitbull victim support Reddit group. (“R/Banpitbulls.” Reddit community Accessed January 10, 2023)
46
While the term “absent-referent” comes originally from the studies of Carol J.Adam in animals' current industrial predispositions, the use that Verónica Policarpo makes of it in its case of Daphne the Cat in digital-media spheres relates more to the case of the “big black nanny Pitbull”: “Paradoxically, Daphne, the Cat herself becomes invisible as her story unfolds along the digital thread of exchanges around her life. So, where is Daphne, the Cat? Either she disappears or is redefined as a caricature. A relevant question, thus, is whether sociology can contribute to restoring animals, and Daphne in this particular case, from their digital “absent referent” condition” (Policarpo, Verónica. “Daphne the Cat: Reimagining Human-Animal Boundaries on Facebook,” The Sociological Review 68, no. 6 (2020): pp. 1290-1306)
47
“Mestizo” (in English mixed-breed dog) is the most chosen by Spanish families, according to the largest dog registry in all of Europe, that of the Community of Madrid. (Aguilar, Mar. “Mestizo, Así Es El Perro Más Adoptado En España.” Muy Interesante. Muy Interesante, June 7, 2017)
48
“Pitbulls, pitbull mixes, black cats and black dogs are the most unlikely animals to be adopted from local shelters, according to those who run them”. (Abercrombie, C.L, “Pit Bulls, Black Cats and Black Dogs Hardest to Place for Adoption.” Gainesville Times - Gainesville Times. Accessed February 19, 2023)
49
During the creation of this document, the new Spanish animal welfare law has been introduced. Since February 9, 2023, Spain has been considered a country with “sacrifice 0”, "Euthanization in animal protection centers, whether public or private, veterinary clinics and zoos in general, is expressly prohibited for economic reasons, overcrowding, lack of places, impossibility of finding an adopter within a certain period." (Galaup, Laura. The keys to the new Spanish animal welfare law. El Diario newspaper. Accessed February 16, 2023)
50
Both Spanish organizations include the word PPP as those initials correspond to the word “Perro Potencialmente Peligroso” —in English “potentially dangerous dog”— the official Spanish term when referring to status dogs.
51
“Dogs, dogs, and more dogs. A special space for the ones that have been part of my life” is a digital archive of dogs created by myself in which all the dogs I met during my life —and during my 12 years volunteering in “La Bienvenida’s” shelter— have been integrated. (Robles Pérez, Ana “Dogs, dogs and more dogs. A special space for the ones that have been part of my life”. Notion archive site. September 2020)
52
Those “big black nanny Pitbull” standards are established based on the factors of morphology, behavior, and sociocultural representation as described in the latter sections of the narrative
53
It's not unexpected that the greyhound, the archetypal Spanish hunting dog, takes center stage, albeit in an unfavorable light, considering that 87% of Spanish land is designated as hunting grounds. When the hunting season draws to a close in February, animal shelters across Spain witness a significant surge in abandoned animals, particularly those that have been injured or are deemed unsuitable for hunting. Despite the persistence of these abandonment trends, adoption and awareness campaigns have helped transform the greyhound into a household pet rather than a hunting animal, as proclaimed by various associations
54
“La Bienvenida’s” volunteers also use the initials “PPP”, Perro Potencialmente Peligroso —in English “potentially dangerous dog”— when refering to the status dogs of their shelter
55
From “a bad hand to a worse one” is an expression used by animal shelters and human communities when dogs are being passed from different owners, usually with bad intentions over the dogs, in really short periods
56
“Leishmania, also called Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are spread by the bite of infected sand flies. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention”. “CDC - Leishmaniasis - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (Faqs).” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Accessed February 19, 2023)
57
In comparison with any other specific breed types, dogs cataloged over the umbrella of “status dogs” require accomplishing a series of legislative imposed norms. Those specific laws repeat worldwide, but differently depending on the country, even within same-country regions: from the use of muzzles as a must to use in open spaces to examples such as Germany’s, which rejects their entrance to the country (Ramsteain Air Base “Dangerous Dog Guidelines.” Ramstein Air Base. Accessed January 1, 2023)
58
Harperbazaar magazine presents an article glorifying the actual picture of “el Galgo” —how Greyhounds are called in Spain. The question “for some time now, if you look closely, the greyhound has risen to the top of fetish dogs. But why? Who had a greyhound 20 years ago?”, gives rise to understanding how this dog, from being a rejected animal, has converted into one of the most desirable. (González Rueda, Ana. “El Galgo: De Raza Maltratada a Perro De Moda.” Harper's BAZAAR. Accessed January 2, 2023)
59
In 1981, Fox, one of the most relevant authors investigating human-dog relationships, reported four groups to categorize human-dog purpose of relation: “object-oriented (with the dog as possession), utilitarian/exploitative (with the dog providing benefits to the human), need-dependency (with the dog as companion or child surrogate), and actualizing (with the dog as a respected significant other)” (Dotson, Michael J., and Eva M. Hyatt. “Understanding Dog–Human Companionship.” Journal of Business Research 61, no. 5 (2008): 457–66)
60
“Lapdogs aren’t a specific breed but a generic term for a type of dog with a relatively small size and a friendly disposition. Lapdogs are tertiary-sector service workers: they are neither employed to support agrarian tasks (like herding and hunting), nor to assure the security and protection of their owners. Instead, their main function is to provide companionship” (Ramos, Filipa “The Company One Keeps: Laptops, Lap Dances, Lapdogs - Journal #93 September 2018 - e-Flux.” e. Accessed October 1, 2022)
61
Presently, the qualities of being a "nanny dog" or a "warm dog" are associated with specific dog breeds based on their friendly demeanor ,for "nanny dogs", or physical characteristics, for "warm dogs" (Sable M. “15 Best Nanny Dog Breeds (Perfect Companions for Kids).” Healthy Homemade Dog Treats, Accessed December 13, 2022) (Fantegrossi, Dina. “20 Snuggly Breeds That Just Want to Keep You Warm This Winter.” BARK Post, Accessed December 17, 2022)
62
Josie F. Turner, a journalist specializing in animal welfare, articulates: “These terms are not considered official as they are not recognized by kennel clubs or governments as a dog type group, unlike the sporting dog or working dog groups which are recognized by the American Kennel Club” (F. Turner, Josie “Pit Bull Terriers as Nanny Dogs - Separating Fact from Fiction.” Animalwised.com. Accessed January 10, 2023)
63
In The Netherlands, Hawbuck French Bulldogs have demonstrated their efforts to completely ‘re-engineer’ the face of the French Bulldog in an attempt to make the breed healthier. (Puckering, Charlotte. “A Breeder Is Reengineering French Bulldogs to Make Them Healthier,” Proper Manchester, Accessed January 1, 2023).
Businessman James Spratt introduced the first commercially-prepared pet food in England in approximately 1860 influenced by the dry biscuit sailors ate on long trips. He called them “Spratt’s Meat Fibrine Dog Cakes” and they contained a mix of blended wheat, vegetables, beetroot, and “the dried unsalted gelatinous parts of Prairie Beef” (Zeller, Jon, Lisa Dunn, and The Farmer's Dog. “History of Commercial Pet Food: A Great American Marketing Story.” The Farmer's Dog, January 13, 2023)
2
“The sentimentalized view of pets was developed in Western Europe in the 19th Century and, later, in North America (1984). Humans needed an outlet for their gestures of affection[as] this was becoming more difficult to find in modern society as it began to segment and isolate people into their private spheres”. (Andreozzi, Matteo. “Humans’ Best Friend? the Ethical Dilemma of Pets.” Relations, no. 2 (2013): 23–35.)
3
“Coming from the 15.000 years of the dog-invention process. Dogs would have never existed out of the manipulations that emerged from our ancestors, in which the actions of feeding, breeding, and spreading allowed a human-led wolf selective movement that resulted in what today are called “dogs”. (Saletan, William. “Our Creepiest Genetic Invention: The Dog.” Slate Magazine. Slate. Accessed August 14, 2022)
4
About the wild-domestic transition of the pet: “The pet represents the transition of animal contact from uncontrolled spaces known as the of wild and controlled spaces like circuses and zoos into disciplined spaces of home and hearth”. (Halberstam, Jack. Wild Things: The Disorder of Desire (Durham: Duke University Press, 2020)
5
Illnesses such as gastrointestinal obstruction, choking, cuts, wounds in the mouth or on the tonsils, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding from the rectum, and even death (with approximately fifteen reported cases of dogs dying after consuming bone treats) are reasons why bones should not be given to dogs. (Commissioner, Office of the. “No Bones (or Bone Treats) about It: Reasons Not to Give Your Dog Bones.” U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA. Accessed February 19, 2023)
6
“In this zombie economy, the pet survival depends on its ability to answer to our anthropomorphic call for companionability in the forms we mandate—a pet can nip and chew but not bite and scratch; it can whimper or purr but should not bark or whine; a pet must learn obedience and eat and shit when we say, and it must adapt to a carceral reality in exchange for not being eaten”. (Halberstam, Jack. Wild Things: The Disorder of Desire (Durham: Duke University Press, 2020)
7
Canids, including domesticated dogs and their wolf ancestors, possess an intrinsic inclination to express themselves through diverse forms of vocalization, such as barks, yelps, woofs/coughs, yips, screams, growls, coos, howls, mews, grunts, and clicks. Regrettably, humans regard barking as a prominent cause of noise pollution, leading to punitive actions against dogs. As a result, sometimes extreme measures such as "debarking," which involves surgically altering a dog's vocal cords to diminish barking, are put in practice to “combat” this issue.(Pongrácz, Péter, Csaba Molnár, and Ádám Miklósi. “Barking in Family Dogs: An Ethological Approach.” The Veterinary Journal 183, no. 2 (2010): 141–47)
8
James Serpell, on its studies on pet-keeping in Non-Western societies, claims that “in contexts where adequate time and resources are available, pet-keeping arise as an accessible, natural, easy and beneficial product of human social preopensities”. (Serpell, James A. “Pet-Keeping in Non-Western Societies: Some Popular Misconceptions.” Anthrozoös 1, no. 3 (1987): 166–74)
9
Agility dogs are the so-called dogs that compete in agility dog sports. Regardless of their age, size, gender or breed, their main chorus is to be handled through an obstacle course. The roots of this sport go back to 1970 in England, when it was created as a demonstration sport. (OneMind Dogs. “What Is Dog Agility?” OneMind Dogs. Accessed February 19, 2023)
10
By definition, petfluencers are technically humans who post pet-related content on social media platforms, and petfluencers create engaging, educational, and inspirational content that is designed to suit a specific audience. (Green, Adam. “Rise of the Petfluencers: How Instagram-Famous Pets Became Big Business.” Sifted, Accessed September 30, 2022)
11
Jack Halberstam, in relation to the place that companion animal occupies along the side of humans, shares that “its liveliness depends on the ability to pleasure us or to answer to our anthropomorphic call for companionability, in any shape and context we mandate”. (Halberstam, Jack. Wild Things: The Disorder of Desire (Durham: Duke University Press, 2020)
12
The Rover blog on companion animals recognizes Bella in the second position of most popular female dog name in a worldwide envision. (Rover, “Top 100 Most Popular Dog Names in 2022.” The Dog People by Rover.com, Accessed November 17, 2022)
13
In Yi-Fu Tuan’s words “The single most important trick taught to a dog is instant obedience to the order "sit" or "lie down, working as a bridge for more complicated commands to happen” (Tuan, Yi-Fu. Dominance & Affection: The Making of Pets (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016)
14
Dog paws are filled with nerve endings, allowing them essential actions such as digging, scratching, walking, and grasping. Since these tasks require a dog to use its paws, that sensitivity triggers the dog's instinct to protect itself and not wanting to have them toucher or manipulated (F. Turner Josie, “Sensitive Dog Paws - Causes and Treatment.” n.d. Animalwised.com. Accessed February 7, 2023)
15
In HAI research (field of human–animal interaction) dogs are too often operationalized, it is a quiet partner, useful only for the effect their presence has on the person, and rarely considered in and of themselves. (Horowitz, Alexandra. “Considering the ‘Dog’ in Dog–Human Interaction.” Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 (2021)
16
Studies on animal digital exposure have concluded that about 65% of pet owners post about their companion animals on social media an average of two times per week. Considering 65% of the 471M worldwide (only) companion dogs, 306M dogs are exposed twice a week to digital channels. (Nashville, Tenn “New Survey Shows Pets Are Social Media’s Top Dogs (and Cats).” n.d. Better Cities for Pets. Accessed February 2, 2023)
17
Porter, Ginny, and Monte are all rescue dogs in the care of the Auckland Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. To prove that rescue dogs are just as smart and obedient as nurtured dogs, a trainer found a way to teach these mutts how to operate a specially outfitted Mini Countryman. (TheDrivingDogs. “Meet Porter. the World's First Driving Dog.” YouTube. YouTube, Accessed November 22, 2023)
18
Oscar is a black labrador performing as “the Hypnodog”. He was trained by professional hypnotist Hugh Lennon in 1995 to pursue stage hypnosis over humans. (Wikipedia, “Hypnodog.” Wikimedia Foundation, Accessed September 29, 2022)
19
Such as the programme “Training Dogs the Woodhouse Way” created by Barbara Woodhouse in 1980 and aired on television by the BBC in 1980. It was taped in 10 episodes at Woodhouse's home in Hertfordshire, England. In the show she often used two commands: "walkies" and "sit". (De Kam, Margot. Barbara Woodhouse met Fifi, 1980" YouTube, 2019. Accessed December 25, 2022)
20
David Letterman’s ‘Stupid Pet Tricks was an iconic segment that Letterman did for three decades on NBC’s Late Night and CBS’ Late Show in which a parade of pets performed the most ridiculous, impressive, and extraordinary tricks on a studio stage before a live audience. (Letterman, TheLateShow. “Top Ten Stupid Pet Tricks | Letterman.” YouTube. YouTube, Accessed December 26, 2022)
21
Doggolingo, is an Internet language created from word conversion, meme lexicon, and onomatopoeia. Emerging in the 2010s. DoggoLingo is implied to be a dog's idiom. This language is directly associated with the figure of Doge a meme consisting of a picture of Kabosu, a Shiba Inu dog accompanied by multicolored text in Comic Sans whose texts represents a kind of internal monologue deliberately written in the main element of Doggolingo, a broken English. (Chidester, Tegan. “Doggolingo: A Guide to the Internet's Favorite Language.” Furtropolis, Accessed September 1, 2022) (NovaXP. “Doge.” Know Your Meme. Know Your Meme, Accessed January 8, 2023)
22
Animal-oriented businesses offer “dog starter kits” for amateur dog human-caring masses. On Amazon, these kits include what are understood as essential objects for dog caring: leashes, collars, beds, or treats. Those kits could be found for no more than 50$. (John, Sara. “The Puppy Pack.” Amazon. BowTie Press, 2009)
23
“To some people, a dog's submission to command is desirable in itself. Power over another being is demonstrably firm and perversely delicious when it is exercised for no particular purpose and when submission to it goes against the victim's strong desires and nature”. (Tuan,Yi-Fu. Dominance & Affection: The Making of Pets (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016)
24
On how the refusing actions mentioned by Irvine and Cilia can terminate the dog-human relationship: “Some pets gain the status of family members only as long as they comply with the code of conduct established for them. Issues of cleanliness, training, shedding, scratching, house soiling, aggression, chewing, barking, and other animal behaviors can strain and terminate the inclusion of pets in families” (Irvine, Leslie, and Laurent Cilia. “More than Human Families: Pets, People, and Practices in Multispecies Households.” Sociology Compass 11, no. 2 (2017)
25
Other interpretations of the phrase “If I have a dog, my dog has a human” are questioned by Donna Haraway in the context of possession-property-and the right of access towards companion animals (Haraway, Donna Jeanne. 2003. The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press)
26
Jessica Pierce elaborated on settings in which the limited choosing options of the dog arise: “Our pet dogs generally do not get to pick their friends or their family and do not get to decide when or how to interact with others; they don’t have the opportunity to choose a mate and raise a family unless we label them ‘breeding stock, in which case they have no choice; they don’t get to move about freely, work to find their food and shelter, or respond to varied stimuli from the environment” (Pierce, Jessica., Dog's World: Imagining the Lives of Dogs in a World without Humans (S.l: PRINCETON UNIV PRESS, 2023).)
27
Jack Halberstam in his article Confession of a Petophobe highlights the core of the exchange of sources on dog-human relationships as the roots of a more realistic human-dog love language, at least from the dog's side: “While the pet sees the human as a source of food or exercise or maybe comfort, a cross between a nanny and a jailor, the human sees the pet as uniquely hers, as a romantic partner, a trusted companion, an uncomplaining spouse” (Halberstam, Jack. July 2009. Life Off the Leash, or Confessions of a Petophobe)
28
In its book Dominance and Affection: The making of pets, Tuan argues that despite the apparent presence of affection in human relationships with pets, there is also a considerable degree of indifference to their suffering and exploitation of their powerless position, as part of creating non-inclusive love languages over the position humans are forcing dogs to be (Tuan, Yi-Fu. Dominance & Affection: The Making of Pets (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016)
29
“A love object-oriented creature” is a term introduced by Heidi J.Nast in her research when articulating towards the reconsideration of the dog in post-industrial contexts across the world since the 1990s “from considering pets (especially dogs) as a species apart to a reconsideration of pets” (especially dogs) as profoundly appropriate objects of human affection and love” (Nast J, Heidi. “Critical Pet Studies?,” Antipode 38, no. 5 (2006): pp. 894-906)
30
The speech “dogs are the new children” has been introduced by different authors over companion animal studies. While it is normally brought as an object of parallel substitution, Heidi J.Nast in her Critical Pet Studies goes a step forward, not only articulating how dogs have become substitutes but how they have even superseded children. Especially by the facility of disposal actions existing when the caring of dogs is not fruitful, pushing the dog to be canceled and abandoned from the human-dog relationship, something almost unthinkable in human-children relationships. (J Nast, Heidi “Critical Pet Studies?,” Antipode 38, no. 5 (2006): pp. 894-906)
31
When Wilhelmina Morgan Callaghan married her dog, Henry, in 2009, she did it under the expression “dogs are better than men” (London, Bianca. “Wilhelmina Morgan Callaghan Marries Her Dog.” Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, Accessed October 10, 2022)
32
Uncooperative situations translate into non-expected actions far away from the dog correctness desired. Over her career as a researcher on dog cognition, Alexandra Horowitz details these actions: “If we assume that we have reduced the animal factor to zero, we are in for some unhappy surprises. Dogs do not always behave just as we think they should. They may sit, lie down, and roll over—but then will revert magnificently. They suddenly squat and urinate in the house, bite your hand, sniff your crotch, jump on a stranger, eat something gnarly in the grass, don’t come when you call them, and roughly tackle a much smaller dog. In this way, our frustrations with dogs often arise from our extreme anthropomorphizing, which neglects the very animalness of dogs.”. (Horowitz, Alexandra. Vidal, Sean. Edgerton, Inside of a Dog: What Dogs See, Smell, and Know (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 2017)
33
Although the process of domestication extends as far back as 15,000 years, this discussion is centered on the most recent 150 years of dog domestication when humans became exceedingly fixated on the aesthetic and emotional characteristics that a dog ought to possess
34
Despite the existence of fines for abandoning dogs, legislation against euthanasia, and protocols for microchipping identification, the practical application of these regulations differs from their purpose. For example, in the Spain it is common for hunters to remove the microchip from their greyhounds and leave them injured and tied up outside of animal shelters during the night after the hunting season in February. A practice that has earned the month with the nickname "Febrero, el mes del terror de los galgos" (February, the month of terror for greyhounds). (Crespo Garay, Cristina “'Febrero, El Miedo De Los Galgos'.” National Geographic, February 1, 2019)
35
The expression “looks like a Pitbull” talks about a label which has become an umbrella term used to loosely describe many different medium-sized, short-haired breeds and mixes with physical traits commonly found in numerous bully-type (or bulldog-type) breeds.” (PitbullHero™. “‘Pit Bull’ Is Not a Breed.” Pitbullinfo.org. Accessed February 22, 2023)
36
The “computer eye expression” is used to explain how in AI’s generative processes, not only the explicit text interferes as the unique input creator of the image. Also, as part of its training process, it considers extra-similarities commonly shared in the selected data pictures for the creation of the final piece (OpenAI. “Dall·E: Creating Images from Text.” OpenAI. Accessed December 20, 2022)
37
This phenomenon was triggered by the 70’s article posted in The New York Times “A Breed That Came Up The Hard Way” by the President of the Staffordshire Bull Terrier Club of America, who said “The Stafford we know today quickly becomes a member of the family circle” (Rant, Lilian “A Breed That Came up the Hard Way.” The New York Times. September 19, 1971. Accessed January 2, 2023)
38
Observed by shelters and rescue groups across the world, BDS (Black Dog Syndrom) is an issue negatively affecting the adoption rates of black pets and the reason behind the phenomenon is unclear. (Nakano, Craig. “Black Dog Bias?” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, Accessed December 12, 2022)
39
However, no direct relation or citation has been proved along the side of these pictures. (Rant, Lilian “A Breed That Came up the Hard Way.” The New York Times. The New York Times, September 19, 1971. Accessed January 2, 2023)
40
Legends about black dogs are present across the legend repertory of almost any region. While their representation is quite similar, presented as evils, usually, with red-colored eyes, their stories are different. From the legend of “El Perro del Escorial” in one of the most well-known Spanish monasteries, to the Moddey-Dhoo, a protagonist in Manx folklore stories. (Telemadrid. “La Leyenda Del Perro Negro De El Escorial.” Telemadrid. Telemadrid, Accessed October 4, 2022) (Marinasohma. “Not Always a Man's Best Friend: Terrifying Black Dogs of British Legends.” Ancient Origins Reconstructing the story of humanity's past. Ancient Origins, Searched January 2, 2023)
41
This legend of Central America and Mexico would have started based on Maya-Quiché mythology, since this figure seems to be related to the nahuales. When people talk about the Cadejo, they generally think of a large, spectral, black dog with bright red eyes and heavy chains. But it also refers to a duality of this creature, since it includes a version of the white animal opposite to the aforementioned beast, a white, good one that protects children and women. (González, Mauricio. “Leyenda Del Cadejo: ¿Cuándo Se Creó? ¿Qué Significado Tiene?” guanacos. Accessed December 12, 2022
42
#BanPitBulls flyers, with the heading "In 2017, pit bulls killed 38 humans, 13,000 dogs, 5,000 cats, 20,000 farm animals," and "Pit bulls were originally bred to kill bulls and bears." were posted widely in 2018 in Los Angeles and other cities, in Florida. Its creator known only as @WildGoose999 captured nationwide attention with tweets that are followed closely by both sides of the Pit Bull debate. (Daugherty, Phyllis M. n.d. “‘Ban Pit Bulls’ Flyers Alarm LA Pro-Pit Bull Activists.” CityWatch Los Angeles. Accessed January 9, 2023)
43
Status dog is a term used to describe a potentially dangerous or aggressive dog that is kept as a symbol of the owner's hard or tough image, to intimidate others, and possibly as a weapon. This idea has persisted through centuries, tracing back to Roman times. (Wikipedia. “Status Dog.” Wikimedia Foundation, February 8, 2023)
44
Justice for Bullies, We do NOT support the nanny Pitbull myth, Facebook Post. Accessed January 3, 2023
45
Such as the Pitbull victim support Reddit group. (“R/Banpitbulls.” Reddit community Accessed January 10, 2023)
46
While the term “absent-referent” comes originally from the studies of Carol J.Adam in animals' current industrial predispositions, the use that Verónica Policarpo makes of it in its case of Daphne the Cat in digital-media spheres relates more to the case of the “big black nanny Pitbull”: “Paradoxically, Daphne, the Cat herself becomes invisible as her story unfolds along the digital thread of exchanges around her life. So, where is Daphne, the Cat? Either she disappears or is redefined as a caricature. A relevant question, thus, is whether sociology can contribute to restoring animals, and Daphne in this particular case, from their digital “absent referent” condition” (Policarpo, Verónica. “Daphne the Cat: Reimagining Human-Animal Boundaries on Facebook,” The Sociological Review 68, no. 6 (2020): pp. 1290-1306)
47
“Mestizo” (in English mixed-breed dog) is the most chosen by Spanish families, according to the largest dog registry in all of Europe, that of the Community of Madrid. (Aguilar, Mar. “Mestizo, Así Es El Perro Más Adoptado En España.” Muy Interesante. Muy Interesante, June 7, 2017)
48
“Pitbulls, pitbull mixes, black cats and black dogs are the most unlikely animals to be adopted from local shelters, according to those who run them”. (Abercrombie, C.L, “Pit Bulls, Black Cats and Black Dogs Hardest to Place for Adoption.” Gainesville Times - Gainesville Times. Accessed February 19, 2023)
49
During the creation of this document, the new Spanish animal welfare law has been introduced. Since February 9, 2023, Spain has been considered a country with “sacrifice 0”, "Euthanization in animal protection centers, whether public or private, veterinary clinics and zoos in general, is expressly prohibited for economic reasons, overcrowding, lack of places, impossibility of finding an adopter within a certain period." (Galaup, Laura. The keys to the new Spanish animal welfare law. El Diario newspaper. Accessed February 16, 2023)
50
Both Spanish organizations include the word PPP as those initials correspond to the word “Perro Potencialmente Peligroso” —in English “potentially dangerous dog”— the official Spanish term when referring to status dogs.
51
“Dogs, dogs, and more dogs. A special space for the ones that have been part of my life” is a digital archive of dogs created by myself in which all the dogs I met during my life —and during my 12 years volunteering in “La Bienvenida’s” shelter— have been integrated. (Robles Pérez, Ana “Dogs, dogs and more dogs. A special space for the ones that have been part of my life”. Notion archive site. September 2020)
52
Those “big black nanny Pitbull” standards are established based on the factors of morphology, behavior, and sociocultural representation as described in the latter sections of the narrative
53
It's not unexpected that the greyhound, the archetypal Spanish hunting dog, takes center stage, albeit in an unfavorable light, considering that 87% of Spanish land is designated as hunting grounds. When the hunting season draws to a close in February, animal shelters across Spain witness a significant surge in abandoned animals, particularly those that have been injured or are deemed unsuitable for hunting. Despite the persistence of these abandonment trends, adoption and awareness campaigns have helped transform the greyhound into a household pet rather than a hunting animal, as proclaimed by various associations
54
“La Bienvenida’s” volunteers also use the initials “PPP”, Perro Potencialmente Peligroso —in English “potentially dangerous dog”— when refering to the status dogs of their shelter
55
From “a bad hand to a worse one” is an expression used by animal shelters and human communities when dogs are being passed from different owners, usually with bad intentions over the dogs, in really short periods
56
“Leishmania, also called Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are spread by the bite of infected sand flies. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention”. “CDC - Leishmaniasis - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (Faqs).” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Accessed February 19, 2023)
57
In comparison with any other specific breed types, dogs cataloged over the umbrella of “status dogs” require accomplishing a series of legislative imposed norms. Those specific laws repeat worldwide, but differently depending on the country, even within same-country regions: from the use of muzzles as a must to use in open spaces to examples such as Germany’s, which rejects their entrance to the country (Ramsteain Air Base “Dangerous Dog Guidelines.” Ramstein Air Base. Accessed January 1, 2023)
58
Harperbazaar magazine presents an article glorifying the actual picture of “el Galgo” —how Greyhounds are called in Spain. The question “for some time now, if you look closely, the greyhound has risen to the top of fetish dogs. But why? Who had a greyhound 20 years ago?”, gives rise to understanding how this dog, from being a rejected animal, has converted into one of the most desirable. (González Rueda, Ana. “El Galgo: De Raza Maltratada a Perro De Moda.” Harper's BAZAAR. Accessed January 2, 2023)
59
In 1981, Fox, one of the most relevant authors investigating human-dog relationships, reported four groups to categorize human-dog purpose of relation: “object-oriented (with the dog as possession), utilitarian/exploitative (with the dog providing benefits to the human), need-dependency (with the dog as companion or child surrogate), and actualizing (with the dog as a respected significant other)” (Dotson, Michael J., and Eva M. Hyatt. “Understanding Dog–Human Companionship.” Journal of Business Research 61, no. 5 (2008): 457–66)
60
“Lapdogs aren’t a specific breed but a generic term for a type of dog with a relatively small size and a friendly disposition. Lapdogs are tertiary-sector service workers: they are neither employed to support agrarian tasks (like herding and hunting), nor to assure the security and protection of their owners. Instead, their main function is to provide companionship” (Ramos, Filipa “The Company One Keeps: Laptops, Lap Dances, Lapdogs - Journal #93 September 2018 - e-Flux.” e. Accessed October 1, 2022)
61
Presently, the qualities of being a "nanny dog" or a "warm dog" are associated with specific dog breeds based on their friendly demeanor ,for "nanny dogs", or physical characteristics, for "warm dogs" (Sable M. “15 Best Nanny Dog Breeds (Perfect Companions for Kids).” Healthy Homemade Dog Treats, Accessed December 13, 2022) (Fantegrossi, Dina. “20 Snuggly Breeds That Just Want to Keep You Warm This Winter.” BARK Post, Accessed December 17, 2022)
62
Josie F. Turner, a journalist specializing in animal welfare, articulates: “These terms are not considered official as they are not recognized by kennel clubs or governments as a dog type group, unlike the sporting dog or working dog groups which are recognized by the American Kennel Club” (F. Turner, Josie “Pit Bull Terriers as Nanny Dogs - Separating Fact from Fiction.” Animalwised.com. Accessed January 10, 2023)
63
In The Netherlands, Hawbuck French Bulldogs have demonstrated their efforts to completely ‘re-engineer’ the face of the French Bulldog in an attempt to make the breed healthier. (Puckering, Charlotte. “A Breeder Is Reengineering French Bulldogs to Make Them Healthier,” Proper Manchester, Accessed January 1, 2023).
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